Nanostructured indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been grown by chemical spray pyrolysis method on flexible polyimide (PI) polymeric substrates at various temperatures (400, 450 and 500oC) using solutions of indium and tin chlorides as precursors. The composition, microstructure, surface morphology, thermal, electrical, and optical characteristics have been analysed by FT-IR, UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDAX, atomic force microscopy, electrical measurements, TGA, etc. X-ray diffraction measurements employing Cu-Ka radiation showed that the ITO films were polycrystalline with a cubic bixbyite structure. An increment in average grain size, electrical conductivity and optical transmittance was observed at higher substrate temperature. ITO-coated films maintained the mechanical properties and stability of the pristine PI films. The adhesion between surface ITO layers and PI matrix was found acceptable.

Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) was used to create vertically aligned Co-doped zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) on a PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET), known as PET substrate. The effects of Co concentration (0, 1, 2, and 4%) on optical and structural, and morphological characteristics of the ZnO NanoRods (NRs) were investigated using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and PhotoLuminescence (PL) studies. According to the XRD data, Co-doping improved the crystal quality of ZnO NanoRods (NRs). The average size of ZnO NRs rose as the concentration of Co was enhanced, as seen by the FESEM images. The photoluminescence findings showed that Co-doping significantly improved the ZnO NRs optical quality.

Background: Bacterial sensors are recommended for medical sciences, pharmaceutical industries, food industries, and environmental monitoring due to low cost, high sensitivity, and appropriate response time. There are some advantages of using bacterial spores instead of bacteria in vegetative forms as spores remain alive without any nutrient for a long time and change to vegetative form when a suitable environment is provided for them. Methods: For biosensor fabrication, it is important to define how the bacterial spores are delivered to the substrate media. The main purpose of this paper is an investigation of transferring bacterial spores on a flexible substrate media using a commercial inkjet printer (HP Deskjet 1510). It should be noted that in the previous researches, the special printers were used to transfer bacteria on rigid films. Results: These printed bacterial spores are used as a colorimetric temperature indicator. The custom-made bio-inks are prepared by bacterial spores along with a gelling agent and pH indicator. Conclusions: Finally, transformation of bacterial spores into vegetative bacteria is occurred by changing of temperature. A color change in the bio-prints is demonstrated because the bacterial transformation and growth change the environmental pH to an acidic level.

Regarding to the low rate of conventional Ni-P electroless plating method that needs more time to make a coating on the substrate surface, a new technique called “, substrate local heating”,was introduced based on the temperature parameter modification and its advantages were expressed and compared to the conventional electroless plating technique (temperature=90°, C, pH=4. 7). In order to provide necessary equipment making this approach practicable, electrical resistance was used as the heating source, and air injection and cooling water circulation were employed to control the solution temperature near the substrate and in the bulk solution, respectively. Considering the heater power (1000 W), the substrate and bulk temperatures were about 190°, C and 80°, C, respectively. This novel method could enhance the plating rate up to 32 µ, m/h which was about 60% greater than that of the conventional method, 20 µ, m/h. Moreover, benefits such as local plating, reduction of production costs, and formation of functionally graded coatings (FGC) can be achieved.

We introduce and investigate the concept of flexibility in a groupoid, and extend it to RM-algebras, and present several examples and these properties. We observe that condition flexibility is strong, and most known algebras of logic will be trivial with this condition. It is proved that every KL-algebra and BE-algebra are flexible, and every flexible CI-algebra is a BE- algebra. We present that the flexible groups are trivial. Moreover, we apply two conditions (I) and (H) in a groupoid and prove that in a RM-algebra, they will be equivalent.